..  docs/source/tasks/bdi.rst

..  Copyright (C) 2012, University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry.
    Created by Rudolf Cardinal (rnc1001@cam.ac.uk).
    .
    This file is part of CamCOPS.
    .
    CamCOPS is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.
    .
    CamCOPS is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.
    .
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with CamCOPS. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

.. _bdi:

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
-------------------------------

.. include:: include_data_collection_only.rst


Intellectual property rights
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Copyright to the BDI is held by Pearson, and the scale is commercial; see
http://www.pearsonassessments.com/.


Sources and notes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- Overviews: see [WikipediaBDI]_, [Beck1988]_, [JacksonKoku2016]_,
  [Beck2010]_, [Smarr2003]_.

- Notes:

  - The BDI (= BDI-I), BDI-IA ("revised BDI"), and BDI-II all have 21
    questions.

  - The 21 questions mostly map to the same concepts in all versions (e.g.
    Q1 sadness, Q2 pessimism/hopelessness, Q3 feeling a failure), but there are
    some differences between versions.

  - Q9 concerns suicidal thoughts/wishes (in the BDI, BDI-IA, and BDI-II).

  - There is also a BDI Short Form (BDI-SF), which has 13 questions; see e.g.
    [Chibnall1994]_.

  - There's also a "BDI FastScreen for Medical Patients" (= BDI-Primary Care,
    BDI-PC), which has 7 questions [Smarr2003]_.

- **BDI-I ("BDI"):** reference is [Beck1961]_.

  - Distinguishing features:

    - rates "right now" [Beck1988]_
    - some questions have multiple answers having the same score (see Wikipedia
      article above), e.g. "2a" and "2b" answers both scoring 2.

  - Summary of questions, each rated 0-3 [Beck1988]_:
    "(a) Mood, (b) Pessimism, (c) Sense of Failure, (d) Lack of Satisfaction,
    (e) Guilt Feelings, (f) Sense of Punishment, (g) Self-dislike, (h)
    Self-accusation, (i) Suicidal Wishes, (j) Crying, (k) Irritability, (l)
    Social Withdrawal, (m) Indecisiveness, (n) Distortion of Body Image, (o)
    Work Inhibition, (p) Sleep Disturbance, (q) Fatigability, (r) Loss of
    Appetite, (s) Weight Loss, (t) Somatic Preoccupation, and (u) Loss of
    Libido."

- **BDI-IA ("revised BDI"):** developed from 1971, copyrighted in 1978 (as per
  [Beck1988]_), published in 1979; reference is [Beck1979]_.

  - Distinguishing features:

    - rates the past one week [Beck1988]_ [Beck1996b]_
    - only one answer per score
    - Q11 irritation
    - Q14 own appearance
    - Q15 ability to work
    - Q17 tiredness
    - Q19 weight loss
    - Q20 health worry

  - Compared to the BDI, there are fewer responses or wording changes for 15
    items; 6 are unchanged (irritability, crying, fatigability, appetite,
    weight loss, loss of libido) [Beck1988]_.

  - Summary of questions, each rated 0-3 [Beck1996b]_:
    (1) sadness, (2) pessimism, (3) sense of failure, (4) self-dissatisfaction,
    (5) guilt, (6) punishment, (7) self-dislike, (8) self-accusations, (9)
    suicidal ideas, (10) crying, (11) irritability, (12) social withdrawal,
    (13) indecisiveness, (14) body image change, (15) work difficulty, (16)
    insomnia, (17) fatigability, (18) loss of appetite, (19) weight loss, (20)
    somatic preoccupation, (21) loss of libido.

- **BDI-II** [Beck1996a]_:

  - Distinguishing features:

    - rates the past two weeks [Beck1996b]_
    - only one answer per score, except sleep question (Q16) and appetite
      question (Q18)
    - sleep and appetite questions deal with increases as well as decreases
    - Q11 agitation/restlessness
    - Q14 own worth
    - Q15 loss of energy
    - Q17 irritability
    - Q19 concentration
    - Q20 tiredness/fatigue

  - Summary of questions, each rated 0-3 [Beck1996b]_ [Steer1999]_ [Gary2018]_:
    (1) sadness, (2) pessimism, (3) past failure, (4) loss of pleasure, (5)
    guilty feelings, (6) punishment feelings, (7) self-dislike, (8)
    self-criticalness, (9) suicidal thoughts or wishes, (10) crying, (11)
    agitation, (12) loss of interest, (13) indecisiveness, (14) worthlessness,
    (15) loss of energy, (16) changes in sleeping pattern, (17) irritability,
    (18) changes in appetite, (19) concentration difficulty, (20) tiredness or
    fatigue, (21) loss of interest in sex.


===============================================================================

.. rubric:: Footnotes

.. [Beck1961]
    Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961). An inventory for
    measuring depression. *Arch. Gen. Psychiatry* 4: 561–71.
    `doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 <https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004>`_.
    PMID `13688369 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13688369>`_.

.. [Beck1979]
    Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G (1979).
    *Cognitive therapy of depression.* New York: Guilford Press.

.. [Beck1988]
    Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck
    Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology
    Review* 8: 77-100.
    `doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 <https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5>`_.

.. [Chibnall1994]
    Chibnall JT, Tait RC (1994). The short form of the Beck Depression
    Inventory: Validity issues with chronic pain patients. *Clinical Journal of
    Pain* 10: 261-266.
    PMID `7858354 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7858354>`_.

.. [Beck1996a]
    Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996). *Manual for the Beck Depression
    Inventory-II.* San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

.. [Beck1996b]
    Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression
    Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. *Journal of Personality
    Assessment* 67: 588–597.
    `doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13 <https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13>`_.
    PMID `8991972 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8991972>`_.

.. [Steer1999]
    Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri WF, Beck AT (1999).
    Dimensions of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in clinically depressed
    outpatients. *J Clin Psychol* 55: 117-128.
    PMID `10100838 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10100838>`_.

.. [Smarr2003]
    Smarr KL. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms.
    *Arthritis & Rheumatism* 49: S134-S146.
    `doi: 10.1002/art.11410 <https://doi.org/10.1002/art.11410>`_.

.. [Beck2010]
    Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri WF (2010). Comparison of Beck Depression
    Inventories-IA and-II in Psychiatric Outpatients. *Journal of Personality
    Assessment* 67: 588-597.
    `doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13 <https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13>`_.
    PMID `8991972 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8991972>`_.

.. [JacksonKoku2016]
    Jackson-Koku G (2016). Questionnaire review: Beck Depression
    Inventory. *Occupational Medicine* 66: 174-175.
    `doi:10.1093/occmed/kqv087 <https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqv087>`_.
    PMID `26892598 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26892598>`_.

.. [Gary2018]
    Gary F, Yarandi H, Evans E, Still C, Michels P, Hassan M, Campbell DW,
    Conic R (2018). Beck Depression Inventory-II: Factor analyses with three
    groups of midlife women of African descent in the Midwest, the South, and
    the U.S. Virgin Islands. *Issues Ment Health Nurs* 39: 233-243.
    `doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1373175 <https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1373175>`_.
    PMID `29193995 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29193995>`_.

.. [WikipediaBDI]
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck_Depression_Inventory